Investigación Tecnológica IST Central Técnico

Matlab toolbox for the study of four-bar mechanisms

FERNANDO YÉPEZ — 2025-08-14

Four-bar mechanisms are key components of mechanical engineering used in various industrial and technical applications. These mechanical systems, also known as quadricycles, are made up of four linkages that are connected in a closed form. Four-bar mechanisms provide a broad range of motion and adaptability in designing machines and devices by varying the lengths and angles of these connections. The generated toolbox may be utilized to assist in developing four-bar mechanisms in educational and research settings. The toolbox includes a simple and intuitive interface that allows users to learn about the mechanism’s trajectories, dimensions, locations, velocities, and accelerations. The toolbox can analyze three mechanisms: double rocker, crank, and crank-rocker. The interface produces both numerical and graphical outputs. In addition, a prototype has been added to the toolbox that interacts serially with Matlab, allowing the software’s computations to be compared to real-world values of the mechanism. Finally, if the user makes an error in selecting the mechanism or data entry, the toolbox provides assistance and ideas to correct the issue.

Estudio y Análisis de Niveles de Vibración Generados por la Transmisión de Cadenas con Diferentes Parámetros en el Módulo

José Lozano — 2025-07-02

This research addresses the study of vibrations in chain drives, focusing on several key aspects such as chain transmission, its advantages, operation, failures, and vibration types. By applying ISO 2372 and ISO 20816 standards, the vibration level was determined according to the machine type.

The research utilized a multi-channel vibration analyzer, an RS40 chain, NTN 6006Z bearings, and a three-phase induction motor. Four points on the machine were selected, and velocity data (mm/s) were collected to apply ISO 2372 and ISO 20816-3 standards.

Over a 10-month period, 100 data points were collected, which were organized into four tables representing the radial, axial, and tangential axes. These data were analyzed following the ISO 2372 and ISO 20816-3 standards.

Bar and line charts were generated to visualize the data, which were analyzed for their trends, whether they showed an increasing or decreasing pattern.

In addition, scatter plots with trend lines and linear regression were created to predict future values and verify whether corrective maintenance was required, or if preventive maintenance could be scheduled.

The graphs derived from the data provided a clearer understanding of velocity changes, aiding in a more accurate analysis of the machine's performance over the monitored period.

The linear regression equation allows for the prediction of future values, thus avoiding unnecessary maintenance. This process facilitates the planning of preventive maintenance and enhances coordination between teachers and students.

It is recommended to implement a record-keeping system for the analyses and maintenance performed on the equipment to provide a more complete view of the machine's behavior, facilitate more detailed analysis, and enable the early identification of potential failures.

EL ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE DESIGN OF THE FRAME OF AN ELECTRIC GO KART

Milton Bautista — 2025-07-02

This study explores the development, analysis and optimization of the steering system of an electric go-kart, using advanced computational simulation tools. The steering is a key element for the maneuverability and stability of the vehicle, so its design must guarantee an accurate and safe operation. To this end, a detailed analysis was carried out to evaluate its structural performance and ensure its reliability under different conditions of use. The methodological approach included the creation of a three-dimensional model in SolidWorks, the generation of a refined mesh with tetrahedral elements and the simulation of loads representative of real scenarios. Essential parameters such as draft angle (35°), departure angle (11°), positive camber (1°) and caster (18°) were examined, verifying that the geometric configuration complies with safety and stability standards. The results showed that the maximum stress of 3.64 MPa is considerably lower than the elastic limit of the material (6.2 MPa), eliminating the risk of structural failure. In addition, the total deformation recorded was 9.814 mm, concentrating in the flywheel area without compromising the integrity of the system. The safety factor obtained, higher than 2, supports the robustness and reliability of the proposed design. These findings reaffirm the feasibility of the design and highlight the crucial role of computational simulation in the optimization of vehicle components. The research confirms that the developed steering system is not only efficient and safe, but also has the potential to be applied in electric racing go-karts. Future studies may focus on experimental testing and design optimization through the use of new materials and geometric adjustments to further improve its performance.

ANALYSIS OF THE BENEFITS OF PERFORMING PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON HIGH-VOLTAGE BATTERIES OF HYBRID VEHICLES

Eduardo Ávila — 2025-07-02

The present study analyzes the importance of preventive maintenance in high-voltage batteries of hybrid vehicles, highlighting its impact on efficiency, safety, and the extension of the energy storage system's lifespan. It addresses the different types of batteries used, their technical characteristics, maintenance procedures, and optimization strategies. The research includes a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the HV battery found in the Audi Q5 before and after the maintenance process, evaluating associated costs and benefits. The results obtained show that implementing preventive maintenance strategies helps reduce battery degradation, minimizing capacity loss and increasing energy efficiency. Additionally, economic benefits are identified by decreasing the need for premature replacement and reducing long-term operating costs. The methodology used combines a practical and supervised review with specialized equipment. In conclusion, preventive maintenance emerges as a key strategy to improve the safety, efficiency, and durability of high-voltage batteries. The adoption of standardized protocols and the training of specialized technical personnel are recommended to enhance overall system performance.

Redes definidas por Software (SDN) en infraestructuras críticas

Grace Manobanda Jiménez — 2025-06-30

Today, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) can represent a revolutionary paradigm for managing or securing various critical infrastructures, offering an innovative approach that separates the control plane from the data plane in communications networks. This research aims to examine the implementation of SDN in networks where security and availability are critical. Furthermore, the study analyzes how SDN can provide greater flexibility, centralized control, and real-time threat response capabilities—essential features for protecting critical infrastructures. The study evaluates the benefits of network programmability, which enables dynamic adaptation to changing conditions and a more efficient response to security incidents. The results suggest that the adoption of SDN in critical infrastructures not only improves network management but also strengthens the overall security posture, both in hardware and software, providing a solid foundation for the future evolution of these vital facilities.

Hacia una industria sostenible: El arte de fabricar jabón ecológico a partir de aceite vegetal usado

Carla Estefanía Araujo Molina — 2025-07-02

In a world where environmental sustainability has become a priority, producing eco-friendly soap from used vegetable oil emerges as an innovative solution to reduce environmental impact. This article focuses on the soap-making process through cold saponification, highlighting its relevance as a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. The methodology employed included a "focus group" with participants from different backgrounds to explore perceptions and opinions regarding the texture, shape, use, and production of eco-friendly soap. Additionally, structured surveys were conducted to collect quantitative data, allowing for an analysis of attitudes, knowledge, and acceptance of this sustainable practice and its environmental impact. The project also examines the final product's parameters, such as saponification and curing times, mass loss, pH, process yield, and quality. Recycling oils that would otherwise pollute soils and water sources not only minimizes environmental damage but also promotes a circular economy by converting waste into valuable products. This represents a step toward a sustainable and responsible industry, demonstrating that innovation can go hand in hand with environmental stewardship.

Drones: Opportunities and challenges in civilian uses

Lety Maveliza Satama Rivilla — 2025-07-02

Currently, unmanned vehicles have found applications in a wide variety of sectors, ranging from education, medicine, agriculture, and even warfare. These devices have become fundamental drivers of innovative solutions. Their versatility allows them to be used to improve efficiency in various industries, optimizing processes and facilitating tasks that were previously complex or dangerous for humans. The main objective is to analyze the use of drones in Ecuador in non-military applications, evaluating their impact on society. The methodology used is mixed: a bibliographic review of the different applications and types of drones, including ground and aerial, is conducted. Data obtained from surveys conducted among students at an institution and information provided by experts through semi-structured interviews are analyzed. Data analysis is carried out with the help of Atlas.TI software, identifying the main relationships through networks and codes. It is concluded that, as technology advances, the potential of drones continues to expand, offering new opportunities for development and improving the quality of life in multiple areas.

Performance Evaluation of FIR Filters on Low-Cost Microcontrollers for Voice Processing Applications

Lenin Ramiro Merino Villegas — 2025-07-02

This article presents an analysis of the behavior of finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters implemented on low-cost microcontrollers, aimed at enhancing voice signal quality in noisy environments. Two platforms were used: Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP8266, programmed through the Arduino IDE. A bandpass filter targeting the 85–255 Hz range was designed using a Hamming window. The evaluation was based on metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio and processing time, applied to data gathered from six participants. Results reveal differences in processing capabilities and noise attenuation, with the ESP8266 emerging as a more robust option for demanding scenarios. This study offers valuable insights for developers seeking accessible solutions in digital signal processing.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DEFORMATIONS OF A TRUSS BRIDGE USING THE MOLA KIT AND SAP 2000.

Elva Gioconda Lara Guijarro — 2025-07-02

In the field of structural engineering, the analysis and design of bridges have significantly evolved thanks to the development of physical and digital tools that allow for a better understanding of structural behavior. Physical models, such as those provided by the Mola 2 Kit, offer a tangible and visual experience of basic structural principles. On the other hand, computational tools like SAP2000 provide detailed simulations that enable the exploration of different scenarios in a virtual environment. A visual comparative analysis of the deformations experienced by a truss bridge was conducted using the Mola 2 Kit and SAP2000 software to evaluate the effectiveness of both tools in structural representation. The study used the Mola Kit to build a physical model of the bridge, simulating different load conditions and observing its structural behavior under specific deformations in parallel, computational simulations were performed in SAP2000, applying technical knowledge to obtain comparable results.

PROPOSAL FOR TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE REPOWERING OF THE BINDER KBF 240 CHAMBER

German Almeida — 2025-07-02

This paper presents a technical proposal for the repowering of the BINDER KBF 240 stability chamber, widely used in pharmaceutical laboratories for stability testing. These chambers must maintain strictly controlled temperature and humidity levels to ensure the validity of tests. However, the equipment under study was unable to consistently maintain the standard values of 30 °C and 65 % relative humidity, as required by international regulations such as ICH Q1A and the FDA. The objective of this project was to restore the functionality of the chamber by analyzing its technical components, replacing faulty parts, incorporating new control devices, and implementing an automated HMI-PLC interface system. The methodology included technical diagnostics, system design, material procurement, technical improvements, and result monitoring. Tests conducted over 18 weeks showed significant improvement in the accuracy and stability of environmental variables. The results confirm the technical and economic viability of repowering, representing an effective alternative to the acquisition of new equipment. This experience may serve as a model for other institutions needing to ensure controlled testing environments in pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic industries.

Technical feasibility analysis for the implementation of solar tunnels: case of Santa María supermarket in Sangolquí.

Omar Fernando Sánchez Olmedo — 2025-07-02

This study analyzed the technical feasibility of installing solar tunnels at the Santa María Shopping Center, located in Sangolquí. The main objective was to study the environmental impact of this technology, focusing on its ability to reduce both electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve this, a quantitative approach was adopted, conducting lighting measurements at 20 key points, which were classified into different categories to calculate average light levels at various times of the day. The findings showed that the use of solar tunnels could significantly reduce artificial energy consumption and pollutant emissions. This technology is presented as an efficient alternative to optimize energy consumption and contribute to environmental care by reducing dependence on non-renewable energy sources. However, despite the benefits in terms of energy savings, it was determined that the time required to recover the initial investment is too long, making the project unfeasible under current conditions. The environmental benefits of this solution were also analyzed, considering the initial costs and long-term savings.